Bartonella henselae: An Infectious Pathogen among Cats
Maigan Espinili Maruquin I. Characteristics / Epidemiology The Bartonella spp. have wide distribution worldwide wherein antibody prevalence in cats which ranged from 8–53% was recorded in Europe (Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013, Zangwill 2013) while approximately 5-80% of cats worldwide were recorded of serological evidence on exposure to this bacteria (Guptill 2012). They cause wide range of clinical syndromes depending on the infecting species and immune status of the infected (Zangwill 2013). The Bartonella are small and fastidious Gram-negative bacteria which are transmitted by arthropods and infect wide range of hosts including: human, rodents, rabbits, felids, canids, ruminants. However, cats are the primary mammalian reservoir and vector for transmission (Guptill 2012). The B. henselae is known as a common species to both cats and humans. This species also cause Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) to people. It is naturally transmitted between cats by the flea itself, Ctenocephalides felis felis, or the flea feces. The Bartonella stays in the red blood cells of infected cats and ingested by flea (Chomel, Kasten et al. 1996, Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). While Bartonella persists in the environment in the flea faeces, it also amplifies the infection in the flea hindgut (Finkelstein, Brown et al. 2002). The feces of a contaminated flea, which are deposited in the skin, ends up under the cat’s claw from self- scratching (Chomel, Kasten et al. 1996, Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). Moreover, the tick bites may also transmit B. henselae to humans (Lucey, Dolan et al. 1992, Klotz, Ianas et al. 2011, Biancardi and Curi 2014). While B. henselae are the most commonly detected Bartonella infection in cats and approximately 10% B. clarridgeiae, other species were reported much less commonly. However, the prevalence of different genotypes of B henselae were recorded from regional differences, and are not limited to domestic cats (Guptill 2012). Fig. 01. The Life Cycle of Bartonella spp. (https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2016/12/19/north-carolina-ranks-as-high-risk-zone-for-cat-scratch-disease/) II. Pathogenesis/ Clinical Signs It has been described that B. henselae were transmitted by cat fleas of infected cats to non- infected cats (Chomel, Kasten et al. 1996), or by intradermal inoculation of cats with flea excrement wherein contamination of skin wounds with flea excrement occurs (Finkelstein, Brown et al. 2002). While the infection caused by Bartonella depends on the species and the host immunity (Cunningham and Koehler 2000), infections may cause necrosis with histiocytes, lymphocytes, and giant cells, forming a granuloma for immunocompetent patients (LeBoit PE, 1997) (Biancardi and Curi 2014). Although cats can generate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses against Bartonella infections, the species B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae are commonly chronic and relapsing. On experimentally infected cats, most were clinically normal, while severity relies on the various strains used for inoculation. Abscess were observed on the inoculation sites on cats inoculated intradermally including localized peripheral lymphadenomegaly, short periods of fever (Guptill 2012), mild neurological signs and reproductive failure (Kordick, Brown et al. 1999). On the other hand, cats who received higher doses of B. henselae, despite remaining responsive, showed lethargy, fever, partial anorexia and enlarged lymph nodes (Guptill, Slater et al. 1997, Stützer and Hartmann 2012). Meanwhile, B. henselae naturally infected cats do not show clinical signs (Stützer and Hartmann 2012). However, Bartonella infection was suggested to be associated in chronic gingivostomatitis, but antibodies or organisms’ prevalence in diseased cats were lower (Ueno, Hohdatsu et al. 1996, Glaus, Hofmann-Lehmann et al. 1997, Quimby, Elston et al. 2008, Pennisi, La Camera et al. 2009, Belgard, Truyen et al. 2010, Dowers, Hawley et al. 2010, Namekata, Kasten et al. 2010, Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). Also, there were few cases on B. henselae-associated endocarditis or myocarditis (Chomel, Wey et al. 2003, Chomel, Kasten et al. 2009). The B. henselae, however may be of importance in immune complex diseases in cats wherein a strong correlation between the presence of antibodies against Bartonella species and hyperglobulinaemia was reported (Whittemore, Hawley et al. 2012). III. Diagnosis Having been exposed to fleas, cats with such history, aside from having clinical signs of Batonella infection, shall be tested for possible Bartonella infection (Guptill 2012). Laboratory testing shall be required for feline blood donors owned by immunosuppressed person or when a human with Bartonella-related disease is in the cat’s home (Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). While isolation of the bacterium is considered the gold standard, a positive culture is not confirmatory (Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). The relapsing nature of Bartonella bacteraemia makes the blood culture not so sensitive to diagnose. Thus, this tool is suggested for sick cats with history and clinical presentation of possible infection of Bartonella (Guptill 2012). Therefore, diagnosis is by exclusion, and by assessing the response to therapy (Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). Blood samples, aqueous humour, cerebrospinal fluid or tissues, and several gene targets may be used for PCR (Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). Although standard PCR may be no more sensitive than blood culture, Real Time PCR may have better sensitivity (Valasek and Repa 2005, Kamrani, Parreira et al. 2008, Guptill 2012). The PCR products may be sequenced, which may lead to identification of Bartonella species (Guptill 2012). Serology tests using immunofluorescent antibody (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot tests are also available (Guptill 2012). However, these are considered to be more useful in exclusion rather than confirmation (Chomel BB, et al., 1995)(Gurfield, Boulouis et al. 2001, Fabbi, De Giuli et al. 2004, Bennett, Gunn-Moore et al. 2011, Pennisi, Marsilio et al. 2013). IV. Treatment and Management There are several drugs that were used to Bartonella infected cats including doxycycline, amoxicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, rifampicin (Greene, McDermott et al. 1996, Regnery, Rooney et al. 1996, Kordick and Breitschwerdt 1997). However, no definite elimination of Bartonella infection in cats by antibiotic treatments was reported but doxycycline may be a good initial antibiotic choice wherein higher doses given for a longer time appears to be more effective (Guptill 2012). A household with immunocompromised people or with children should have their infected cats treated, whether or not they show clinical signs. Whereas,
Feline Pancreatic Lipase (fPL)
Andy Pachikerl, Ph.D Introduction Pancreatitis appears to be a common disease in cats,1 yet it remains frustratingly difficult to establish a clinical diagnosis with certainty. Clinicians must rely on a combination of compatible clinical findings, serum feline pancreatic lipase (fPL) measurement, and ultrasonographic changes in the pancreas to make an antemortem diagnosis, yet each of these 3 components has limitations. Acute Versus Chronic Pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, with variable amounts of pancreatic acinar cell and peripancreatic fat necrosis (Figure 1).1 Evidence is mounting that chronic pancreatitis is more common than the acute form, but sonographic and other clinical findings overlap considerably between the 2 forms of disease.1-3 Diagnostic Challenges Use of histopathology as the gold standard for diagnosis has recently been questioned because of the potential for histologic ambiguity.3,4 A seminal paper exploring the prevalence and distribution of feline pancreatic pathologic abnormalities reported that 45% of cats that were apparently healthy at time of death had histologic evidence of pancreatitis.1 The 41 cats in this group included cats with no history of disease that died of trauma, and cats from clinical studies that did not undergo any treatment (control animals). Conversely, multifocal distribution of inflammatory lesions was common in this study, raising the concern that lesions could be missed on biopsy or even necropsy. Prevalence Such considerations help explain the wide range in the reported prevalence of feline pancreatitis, from 0.6% to 67%.3 The prevalence of clinically relevant pancreatitis undoubtedly lies somewhere in between, with acute and chronic pancreatitis suggested to represent opposite points on a disease continuum.2 FIGURE 1. Duodenum (D) and duodenal limb of the pancreas (P) in a cat with acute pancreatitis and necrosis; well-demarcated areas of necrosis are present at the periphery of the pancreas in the peripancreatic adipose tissue(arrows). Courtesy Dr. Arno Wuenschmann, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Risk factors No age, sex, or breed predisposition has been recognized in cats with acute pancreatitis, and no relationship has been established with body condition score.3-5 Cats over a wide age range, from kittens to geriatric cats, are affected; cats older than 7 years predominate. In most cases, an underlying cause or instigating event cannot be determined, leading to classification as idiopathic.3 Abdominal trauma, sometimes from high-rise syndrome, is an uncommon cause that is readily identified from the history.6 The pancreas is sensitive to hypotension and ischemia; every effort must be taken to avoid hypotensive episodes under anesthesia. Comorbidities In cats with acute pancreatitis, the frequency of concurrent diseases is as high as 83% (Table 1).2 Pancreatitis complicates the management of some diabetic cats and may induce, for example, diabetic ketoacidosis.7 Anorexia attributable to pancreatitis can be the precipitating cause of hepatic lipidosis.8 The role of intercurrent inflammation in the biliary tract or intestine (also called triaditis) in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis is still uncertain. Roles of Bacteria In one study, culture-independent methods to identify bacteria in sections of the pancreas from cats with pancreatitis detected bacteria in 35% of cases.9 This report renewed speculation about the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, and the potential role that the common insertion of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct into the duodenal papilla may play in facilitating reflux of enteric bacteria into the “common channel” in cats. Awareness of triaditis may affect the diagnostic evaluation of individual patients. Table 1. Clinical Data from 95 Cats with Acute Pancreatitis (1976—1998; 59% Mortality Rate) & 89 Cats Diagnosed with Acute Pancreatitis (2004—2011; 16% Mortality Rate) PARAMETER HISTORICAL DATA* CATS WITH PANCREATITIS† SURVIVING CATS WITH PANCREATITIS† Number of Cats 95 89 75 ALP elevation 50% 23% 18% ALT elevation 68% 41% 36% Apparent abdominal pain 25% 30% 32% Cholangitis NA 12% 11% Concurrent disease diagnosed NA 69% 68% Dehydration 92% 37% 42% Diabetic ketoacidosis NA 8% 5% Diabetes mellitus NA 11% 12% Fever 7%‡ 26% 11% GGT elevation NA 21% 18% Hepatic lipidosis NA 20% 19% Hyperbilirubinemia 64% 45% 53% Icterus 64% 6% 6% Vomiting 35%—52% 35% 36% ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; GGT = gamma glutamyl transferase; NA = not available * Summarized from 4 published case series; a total of 56 cats had acute pancreatitis diagnosed at necropsy and 3 by pancreatic biopsy5,8,10,11 † Data obtained from reference12 ‡ 68% of cats were hypothermic DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Many cats with pancreatitis have vague, nonspecific clinical signs, which make diagnosis challenging.5 Clinical signs related to common comorbidities, such as anorexia, lethargy, and vomiting, may overlap with, or initially mask, the signs associated with pancreatic disease. Early publications on the clinical characteristics of acute pancreatitis required necropsy as an inclusion criterion, presumably skewing the spectrum of severity of the reported cases.5,8,10,11 Cats with chronic pancreatitis were excluded from these reports. Clinical Findings Table 1 lists common clinical findings in cats from necropsy-based reports and a recent series of 89 cats with acute pancreatitis studied by the authors.12 Note the lower prevalence of most clinical findings in the cats diagnosed clinically rather than from necropsy records. In our evaluation of affected cats, 17% exhibited no signs aside from lethargy and 62% were anorexic. Vomiting occurs inconsistently (35%—52% of cats). Abdominal pain is detected in a minority of cases even when the index of suspicion of pancreatitis is high. About ¼ of cats with pancreatitis have a palpable abdominal mass that may be misdiagnosed as a lesion of another intra-abdominal structure. Laboratory Analyses Hematologic abnormalities in cats with acute pancreatitis are nonspecific; findings may include nonregenerative anemia, hemoconcentration, leukocytosis, or leukopenia. Serum biochemical profile results vary (Table 1). In our acute pancreatitis case series, 33% of cats had no abnormalities in their chemistry results at presentation.12 Serum cholesterol concentrations may be high in up to 72% of cases. Some cases of acute pancreatitis are associated with severe clinical syndromes, such as shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan failure, that influence some serum parameters, such as albumin, liver enzymes, and coagulation tests. Plasma ionized calcium concentration may be low, and has
Concurrent with T-zone lymphoma and high-grade gastrointestinal cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma in a dog
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402196/ A 9-year-old, spayed female Golden Retriever dog showed lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy, secondary to suspected chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Small-to-intermediate lymphocytes were observed from the cytological examination of the right popliteal lymph node via a fine-needle aspirate. The dog was suspected to have a low-grade lymphoma based on the finding of cytology. Also, ultrasonography reveled thickened lesions in the stomach and small intestine. Histopathology of the popliteal lymph node and small intestine revealed a simultaneous presence of T-zone lymphoma (TZL) and high-grade gastrointestinal (GI) cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements assay suggested that both lymphomas, though both originated in the T-cells, derived from different genes. The dog died 15 days after diagnosis, despite chemotherapy. Fig. 1. A–C: Cytological images on day 1. (A) Peripheral blood smear. Increased numbers of small lymphocytes. (B) Cytology of the popliteal lymph node biopsy. Most lymphocytes are small-to-intermediate, mature lymphocytes. Some lymphocytes show a “hand mirror” type of cytoplasmic extension (arrowhead) (Wright-Giemsa stain, × 400). (C) Slide preparation of tissue from the small intestine. The lymphocytes are intermediate-to-large, immature cells, and some display azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm (LGLs, arrowhead). D–F: Histological images of popliteal lymph node tissue. (D) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. (E) The lymphocytes with fading follicular structures are CD20 positive (asterisk). Immunolabeling with anti-CD20, a hematoxylin counterstain. (F) The nodal capsule (CD3 positive) is thinned without the involvement of the perinodal tissue (asterisk). Immunolabeling with anti-CD3, hematoxylin counterstain. G–I: Histological images of the intestinal tissue. All lymphocytes are positive for CD20 (G), CD3 (H) and granzyme B (I). Fig. 2. (A) Transverse ultrasound image on day 1 showing a thickened intestinal wall (approximately 9.0 mm, arrowhead). (B) Post-contrast transverse CT image on day 2 also showing a thickened intestinal wall (arrowheads). The intrathoracic and abdominal lymph nodes are enlarged. Fig. 3. PARR analysis. (A) The peripheral blood sample shows TCRγ gene rearrangement. (B) The intestinal tissue sample also shows TCRγ gene rearrangement. The two tumors demonstrate clonal expansions from different primers.
Breed-related disease: Thai Cat
The Thai Cat is an old, but recently recognized breed that is related to the Siamese cat originated in Thailand, where it is actually referred to as the Wichien-Maat, which translates to “moon diamond.” This breed is also commonly referred to as the Traditional, or Old-Style, Siamese. In the 1800s, the first Wichien-Maat cats arrived in Great Britain as a gift to the royal family, where they soon become very popular. The Western breeders renamed the breed to Siamese and started to improve its looks with selective breeding. Thus emerged a cat with finely boned slimmer body, longer head, and more intense sapphire blue eyes. Eventually, the new-styled Siamese was the center of attention and many breeders preferred the new look over the original one. Luckily in the 1950s, some breeders enjoyed the original appearance of these cats and started to breed them to get the original qualities back into the breed. At this point, the two breeds started to diverge. And in 1990, the Thai name was given to cats that had the classic look of Traditional Siamese cats. Finally, in 2009, TICA gave the Thai an Advanced New Breed status. The Thai cat is a shorthaired cat breed that has a flat, short coat that is soft. Their bodies feature medium-sized bones in the legs, head, and tail. And they have a wedge-shaped muzzle, ears that are broad at the base, and a long, flat forehead that distinguishes it from other pointed breeds. These cats also have striking blue eyes that complement their pointed coat beautifully. The Thai is an attention-seeking and demanding breed that craves human companionship. These cats form deep bonds with their owners and will follow them around the house, this breed doesn’t understand the concept of privacy, and the Thai will shadow your every move . While being the center of your cat’s universe has its perks, this amount of devotion can sometimes be too much! Health and Potential Health Problems The Thai is generally a healthy breed that can live very long. Although they aren’t prone to an array of genetic health problems like some other cat breeds, certain issues have been observed in these cats. This doesn’t mean that your cat is going to be affected. However, it is better to learn about any potential problems before bringing a new cat home. Crossed eyes : This condition occurs when small muscles in the eye are stretched out and don’t allow normal movements of the eye. A cat can be born with this condition or develop it later in life. Cats that are born with it don’t experience any problems and have normal lives. However, if the condition appears later in life it is usually because of an underlying issue. Symptoms include uncoordinated eye movement, lack of movement in one eye, seizures, and lethargy. Treatment varies depending on the underlying issue and can include antibiotics or surgery. Kinked Tail : This condition is caused by a recessive gene and it is sometimes seen in Thai Cats. This means that even though both parents have normal tails a kitten can be born with a curled or kinked tail. This condition doesn’t affect the health of a cat. However, affected cats are disqualified from show rings. Gangliosidosis : It’s an inherited disease that causes a cat to lack an enzyme that is required to metabolize certain lipids., excess fats accumulate within the cells disrupting their normal function. Symptoms include in-coordinate walk, enlarged liver, tremors, and visual impairment They are usually observed in kittens between 1 to 5 months of age. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease and the affected kittens die when they are 8 months old. However, DNA testing is available and is used to improve breeding programs. Sources: https://www.petguide.com/breeds/cat/thai-cat/ https://thedutifulcat.com/thai-cat/ Photo credit: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Thai_cat
Breed-related disease: Newfoundland
The Newfoundland is a large working dog. They can be either black, brown, grey, or white-and-black. However, in the Dominion of Newfoundland, before it became part of the confederation of Canada, only black and Landseer colored dogs were considered to be proper members of the breed. They were originally bred and used as working dogs for fishermen in Newfoundland. Because of its heavy coat, the Newfie does not fare well in hot weather. It should be kept outdoors only in cold or temperate weather , and in summer, the coat may be trimmed for neatness and comfort, and brushed daily to manage excess shedding and prevent the coat from matting. The dog is at its best when it can move freely between the yard and the house, but still needs plenty of space indoors to stretch properly. Daily exercise is essential, as is typical with all work dogs. Newfoundland is known for his intelligence, loyalty, and sweetness. Even though he is a terrific guard dog, his gentle and docile disposition makes him an excellent choice for as a family dog. He thinks he’s a lap dog, and loves to lean on people and sit on their feet. The Newfie is a natural lifesaver and can be a good assistant for parents who have a swimming pool or enjoy taking the kids to the lake or ocean, although he should never be solely responsible for their safety. Let it be said that the Newfie isn’t perfect, his heroic nature notwithstanding. Any dog, no matter how nice, can develop obnoxious levels of barking, digging, counter-surfing and other undesirable behaviors if he is bored, untrained or unsupervised. And any dog can be a trial to live with during adolescence. In the case of the Newfie, the “teen” years can start at six months and continue until the dog is about two years old. We know you care for your pet that’s why gather some of the various health problems that are common in the breed. Subaortic Stenosis (SAS) This is an inherited disease in Newfoundland’s, although the mode of inheritance appears complicated and is not yet completely understood. A ring of tissue forms below the aortic valve in the heart, restricting the blood flow and increasing the pressure within the heart. The heart tissue overgrows in response to the increased pressure, outgrowing its own blood supply and causing scar tissue to develop that interferes with the electrical impulses in the heart. Puppies can develop a murmur throughout their first year of life, but usually those with significant disease develop murmurs within the first 9 weeks of life. Occasionally, a puppy will have no murmur at a young age, but when checked again at one year, will have developed the disease. Pulmonic Stenosis (PS) In this disease a ring of tissue forms below the pulmonic valve in the heart. It causes murmurs and may affect the dog’s health and life span, depending on the severity and if it appears in conjunction with other defects. Allergies Newfoundland, as well as most other breeds of dogs may allergies to food, fleas, pollen or other environmental allergens. Typically allergies cause skin problems, recurring ear infections or digestive problems. Medications, proper parasite control, and sometimes diet changes can effectively manage many allergies. Panosteitis (Pano) This is a painful inflammatory bone disease of young, rapidly growing dogs. Pano causes lameness in the affected limb and the lameness may “rotate” among all four legs. It is usually a self-limiting condition that most dogs outgrow. The dog may require some limitation of activity, ie no free play, and anti-inflammatory medication if the pup is very painful. Pano commonly occurs between 6 months and 18 months, but is known to occur in older dogs, and tends to run in families. Source: http://www.newfhealthandrescue.org/health.html http://www.vetstreet.com/dogs/newfoundland#health Photo credit: https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/purebred-newfoundland-dog_5575063.htm
Breed-related disease: Oriental Shorthair
The Oriental Shorthair is actually a Siamese hybrid first developed in England in the 20th century. It is similar in body type to the Siamese, but comes in many more color and pattern varieties. And though it is not as communicative as the Siamese, the Oriental is still a fun companion to have around the house. Unlike the Siamese, the Oriental Shorthair comes in nearly 300 colors and patterns. Some popular styles include ebony, pure white, chestnut, and blue, while some popular patterns include solid, bi-color, and tabby. The cat have a short and sleek coat, long, slender and flexible with large ears and piercing almond-shaped eyes. They are passionate about the people in their lives. They become extremely attached to their humans, so be prepared for a lifetime commitment. It can be very difficult for these cats to adjust to the loss of their family or favorite person. When you are not available to entertain him, an Oriental will divert himself by jumping on top of the refrigerator, opening drawers, seeking out anyone hideaways to frustrate who might be searching for him, and watching television with clear interest. Both pedigreed cats and mixed-breed cats have varying incidences of health problems that may be genetic in nature. The same problems that may affect the Siamese can also affect the Oriental, including the following: Amyloidosis, a disease that occurs when a type of protein called amyloid is deposited in body organs, primarily the liver in members of the Siamese family Asthma/bronchial disease Congenital heart defects such as aortic stenosis Crossed eyes Gastrointestinal conditions such as megaesophagus Hyperesthesia syndrome, a neurological problem that can cause cats to excessively groom themselves, leading to hair loss, and to act frantically, especially when they are touched or petted Lymphoma Nystagmus, a neurological disorder that causes involuntary rapid eye movement Progressive retinal atrophy, for which a genetic test is available Sources: http://www.vetstreet.com/cats/oriental#health https://cattime.com/cat-breeds/oriental-cats Photo credit: Full of cats: https://fullofcats.com/cat-breeds/oriental-shorthair-cat/ yeswecatcattery: https://www.instagram.com/p/CC_oyCQoozZ/?igshid=cxwljznay7lz 🔎 Recommended Screening Products for Oriental Shorthair Cats Based on the breed’s predisposition to hereditary and immune-related diseases, we recommend including the following rapid test kits as part of your annual wellness program for Oriental Shorthairs: Screening Category Recommended Product Clinical Rationale FeLV / FIV Screening FeLV Ag Test, FeLV Ag / FIV Ab Combo Test, Feline 3X FeLV and FIV are highly associated with lymphoma and immune dysregulation. Annual screening is strongly advised. Feline Coronavirus & FIP Risk Assessment FCoV Ab Test, FCoV Ag Test, Feline 3DX Purebred cats such as Oriental Shorthairs have a higher susceptibility to FCoV. Early detection and serologic monitoring are recommended. Gastrointestinal Infectious Diseases Feline 3DX (FPV Ag / FCoV Ag / Giardia Ag) Useful for screening when vomiting, diarrhea, or chronic gastrointestinal signs are observed. Blood Type Identification Feline Blood Typing Kit Highly recommended prior to surgery or blood transfusion to prevent acute transfusion reactions. 📩 How to Order All rapid test kits listed above are available exclusively to licensed veterinarians and veterinary hospitals. To place an order or request a quotation, please contact our sales team or email our customer service: 📧 service@bioguardlabs.com ☎️ Please include your hospital name and contact number in the email so our sales representative can follow up with you directly.
Breed-related disease: Afghan Hound
Afghan hound, breed of dog developed as a hunter in the hill country of Afghanistan. It was once thought to have originated several thousand years ago in Egypt, but there is no evidence for this theory. It was brought to Europe in the late 19th century by British soldiers returning from the Indian-Afghan border wars. The Afghan hound hunts by sight and, in its native Afghanistan, has been used to pursue leopards and gazelles. The animal is adapted to rough country by the structure of its high, wide hipbones. A long-legged dog, the Afghan stands 25 to 27 inches (63.5 to 68.5 cm) high and weighs from 50 to 60 pounds (23 to 27 kg). It has floppy ears, a long topknot, and a long, silky coat of various but usually solid colours. The coat is especially heavy on the forequarters and hindquarters; the Afghan carries its slim tail in an upright curve. The Afghan’s appearance has been described as “aristocratic, with a farseeing expression.” The Afghan Hound is aloof and dignified, except when he’s being silly. Aloof doesn’t mean shy; he should never be afraid of people and is usually not aggressive toward them. He takes his time getting to know people outside his family. People who are fortunate enough to be allowed into his circle of friends will experience a dog with an exuberant nature and a wicked sense of humor. Afghans do everything to extremes. They are drama queens and food thieves, bossy and mischievous. They have a high prey drive, and although they may get along with the cats they were raised with, outdoor cats should fear for their lives when the Afghan springs into action. The Afghan is an independent thinker. He’s happy to do what you ask—as long as that’s what he wanted to do anyway. He’s highly intelligent and learns quickly, but he won’t always respond to your commands, er, requests. He’s thinking about it. Maybe he’ll do it later. Or not. This can make him frustrating to train and even more frustrating to compete with. Afghans have done well in sports such as agility and lure coursing, but only when their people have extreme patience, a never-ending sense of humor and a good command of positive reinforcement techniques to lure him into compliance. In this article we put some of the most important genetic predispositions for Afghan hounds Let’s get started: Heart Disease Afghan Hounds are prone to multiple types of heart disease, which can occur both early and later in life. We’ll listen for heart murmurs and abnormal heart rhythms when we examine your pet. When indicated, we’ll perform an annual heart health check, which may include X-rays, an ECG, or an echocardiogram, depending on your dog’s risk factors. Early detection of heart disease often allows us to treat with medication that usually prolongs your pet’s life for many years: Bone and Joint Problems A number of different musculoskeletal problems have been reported in Afghan Hounds. While it may seem overwhelming, each condition can be diagnosed and treated to prevent undue pain and suffering. With diligent observation at home and knowledge about the diseases that may affect your friend’s bones, joints, or muscles you will be able to take great care of him throughout his life. Anesthesia when it is time for a dental cleaning, surgery, or minor procedures such as suturing a wound, anesthesia is usually necessary. Afghan Hounds have a number of idiosyncrasies that can increase the risk of anesthesia. The good news is we have many years of experience with sighthounds and know to pay special attention to anesthetic problems such as: Hyperthermia (body temperature dangerously high) in nervous dogs Hypothermia (body temperature dangerously low) in dogs with a lean body conformation Prolonged recovery from some intravenous anesthetics and increased risks of drug interactions. Thyroid Problems Afghans are prone to a common condition called hypothyroidism in which the body doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. Signs can include dry skin and coat, hair loss, susceptibility to other skin diseases, weight gain, fearfulness, aggression, or other behavioral changes. Chylothorax Afghans are more prone to an uncommon, but serious, condition called chylothorax where the chest cavity fills with a milky substance called chyle. In affected dogs, chyle accumulates in the chest cavity because of a faulty lymphatic duct called the thoracic duct. Chylothorax, while rare, is life threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Often surgery is need to help manage the disease. Watch for difficulty breathing, coughing or lethargy as these may be the first signs of this disease. Sources: https://wovh.com/client-resources/breed-info/afghan-hound/ http://www.vetstreet.com/dogs/afghan-hound#personality Photo credit: https://www.yourpurebredpuppy.com/health/afghanhounds.html http://www.vetstreet.com/dogs/afghan-hound#personality
Breed-related disease: Russian Blue Cat
Although the Russian blue’s exact origins are not known for certain, but the Russian Blue cat was originally known as the Archangel Cat because it was said to have arrived in Europe aboard ships from the Russian port of that name (Arkhangel’sk). It has also been known as the Spanish Cat and the Maltese cat, particularly in the US where the latter name persisted until the beginning of the century. The cat was favored by royals and preferred by the Russian czars. The Russian Blue cat is medium to large in size with an elegant, graceful body and long, slim legs. The cat walks as if on tip-toes. The head is wedged shaped with prominent whisker pads and large ears. The vivid green eyes are set wide apart and are almond shaped. The coat is double with a very dense undercoat and feels fine, short and soft. In texture the coat of the Russian Blue cat is very different from any other breed and is the truest measure of the breed. Although named the Russian Blue, black and white Russian cats do sometimes appear. In the most popular blue variety, the coat colour is a clear even blue with a silvery sheen. The Russian blue is a sweet-tempered, loyal cat who will follow her owner everywhere, so don’t be surprised if she greets you at the front door! While she has a tendency to attach to one pet parent in particular, she demonstrates affection with her whole family and demands it in return. It’s said that Russian blues train their owners rather than the owners training them, a legend that’s been proven true time and again. They are very social creatures but also enjoy alone time and will actively seek a quiet, private nook in which to sleep. They don’t mind too much if you’re away at work all day, but they do require a lot of playtime when you are home. Russian blues tend to shy away from visitors and may hide during large gatherings. As we know you care for your pet, below, we listed the few of the most common diseases in the animal Weight related problems. The Russian Blue cat really enjoys its food and it may continue to eat as much as it chooses. So, it’s best to limit the amount of food that the cat enjoys to ensure a healthy diet and to combat any weight related illnesses . Progressive retinal atrophy refers to a family of eye conditions which cause the retina’s gradual deterioration. Night vision is lost in the early stages of the disease, and day vision is lost as the disease progresses. Many cats adapt to the loss of vision well, as long as their environment stays the same. Polycystic kidney disease. PKD is a condition that is inherited and symptoms can start to show at a young age. Polycystic Kidney Disease causes cysts of fluid to form in the kidneys, obstructing them from functioning properly. It can cause chronic renal failure if not detected . Look for symptoms like poor appetite, vomiting, drinking excessively, frequent urination, lethargy and depression. Ultrasounds are the best way to diagnose the disease, and some cats can be treated with diet, medication and hormone therapy. Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a disease that can affect the bladder and urethra of cats. Cats with FLUTD present with pain and have difficulty urinating. They also urinate more often and blood may be visible in the urine. Cats may lick their genital area excessively and sometimes randomly urinate around the house. These symptoms may re-occur through a cat’s life so it’s best to discuss things with a vet. Source: https://www.purina.co.uk/cats/cat-breeds/library/russian-blue https://bowwowinsurance.com.au/cats/cat-breeds/russian-blue/ Picture credit 1 Picture credit 2
Case study: Primary cardiac lymphoma in a 10-week-old dog
Case study: Primary cardiac lymphoma in a 10-week-old dog Robert Lo, Ph.D, D.V.M Original: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261812/ Canine lymphoma usually appears in multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, and cutaneous forms, but rarely affects only heart. This case reports a uncommon primary cardiac lymphoma (PCL) of a 10-week-old miniature dachshund. The dog clinically showed acute onset of weakness. Electrocardiography indicated sustained ventricular tachycardia, and thoracic and abdominal radiography revealed pleural and peritoneal effusion. Echocardiography revealed severely hypokinetic left and right ventricles. After failure of treatment, the dog died about 1 hr after admission and underwent autopsy. Gross examination of a longitudinal section through the entire heart revealed poorly demarcated focal or patchy areas of grayish-white tissue infiltrating extensively into the myocardium. Histologically, these lesions were consistent with infiltrative proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of PCL of T-cell origin. There have been no previous reports of such young dogs with PCL. Fig. 1. Six lead electrocardiographic tracings from the 10-week-old dog, showing monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, rate 360 beats per minute, almost regular (bipolar standard limb leads; 50 mm/sec). Fig. 2. Formalin-fixed heart transected along the long axis, showing extensive infiltration of grayish-white neoplastic tissue into the myocardium of the entire heart. LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle. Scale: 1 mm. Fig. 3. (A) Microscopic section taken from the ventricular septum, showing marked infiltrative proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells in the myocardium. Sheets of neoplastic round cells separate individual muscle fibers. HE. Bar: 50 µm. (B) The outlined square area in A is shown at higher magnification. HE. Bar: 20 µm. Fig. 4. Immunohistochemical labeling of the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Hematoxylin counterstain. Bar: 50 µm. (A) A large number of neoplastic cells stain positively for CD3. (B) Fewer neoplastic cells stain positively for CD79α. (C) All the neoplastic cells are negative for CD20.
What are Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas (FISS)?
What are Feline Injection-Site Sarcomas (FISS)? Maigan Espinili Maruquin I. Characteristics / Epidemiology The feline injection-site sarcomas (FISS) were first reported on 1991 (Hendrick and Goldschmidt 1991). With the implementation of stricter vaccination and development of vaccines for rabies and FeLV, the increased incidence of vaccine reactions was recognized (Hendrick and Dunagan 1991, Kass, Barnes et al. 1993, Hartmann, Day et al. 2015, Saba 2017). With this, recommendations were to use the term ‘vaccine-associated sarcomas’, however, studies show that aside from vaccines are other non-vaccinal injectables in the subcutis or muscle can also cause chronic inflammatory response which led to reclassification as ‘feline injection-site sarcomas’ (FiSSs) (Martano, Morello et al. 2011, Hartmann, Day et al. 2015). The FISS develops in 1–10 of every 10,000 vaccinated cats wherein malignant skin tumors of mesenchymal origin develops (Zabielska-Koczywąs, Wojtalewicz et al. 2017). It has been described as secondary to inflammation in different organs like eye (PEIFFER, MONTICELLO et al. 1988), uterus (Jelínek 2003) and muscle or skin after placement of non-absorbable suture or microchips (Buracco, Martano et al. 2002) (Bowlt 2015). Between three months to 10 years after vaccination, the development of FISS can occur (Hendrick, Shofer et al. 1994, McEntee and Page 2001) (Esplin, D. G., et al., 1993). Whereas, a study reported that the younger cats developed tumor at the vaccination site as compared to the older ones with similar tumors in other body areas with bimodal distribution of age with a peak at 6–7 years and a second at 10–11 years (Kass, Barnes et al. 1993, Martano, Morello et al. 2011). Fig. 01. Saba, C. F. 2017 shows the occurrence of FISS. (https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S116556) II. Pathogenesis / Clinical Signs After investigations, the hypothesis suggests that secondary to chronic and inflammatory response to vaccine or injection, having ultimate malignant transformation of surrounding fibroblasts and myofibroblasts triggers the tumors (Hendrick and Brooks 1994, Hartmann, Day et al. 2015, Saba 2017)( Hendrick MJ., 1999). Fig. 02. (Cecco, B.S., et al., 2019) The sites where FISS occurs (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.08.009) Reports show significant correlation between the rabies and/ or FeLV vaccinations in the development of FISS (Hendrick, Goldschmidt et al. 1992, Kass, Barnes et al. 1993, Hendrick, Shofer et al. 1994). Despite many causes are associated with what triggers the tumor, higher risks are seemed to be coming from vaccines, specifically adjuvanted (Hartmann, Day et al. 2015). Discovered were traces of adjuvants in the inflammatory reaction and later in histological sections (Hendrick and Brooks 1994, Hartmann, Day et al. 2015). Particles of grey- brown material in the necrotic centre and within the cytoplasm of macrophages were reported consistent with an inflammatory reaction (Hendrick and Dunagan 1991, Hendrick and Brooks 1994, Martano, Morello et al. 2011). The infiltrates reported includes macrophages often having cytoplasmic material, giant cells, lymphocytes and mixed neutrophils and eosinophils. Further, identified in the tumors were cytokines, growth factors and mutations in tumor suppressor genes (Ladlow 2013, Carneiro, de Queiroz et al. 2018). While fibrosarcoma is commonly diagnosed, some histological types were also reported to include: malignant fibrous histiocytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, nerve sheath tumor, poorly differentiated sarcomas, and extraskeletal osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma (Esplin, McGill et al. 1993, Hendrick and Brooks 1994, Hershey, Sorenmo et al. 2000, Dillon, Mauldin et al. 2005, Saba 2017). According to Saba. C, 2017, any sarcoma that develops within the vicinity of vaccination or injection site should be considered an FISS and thus, should be treated aggressively. While tumors are invasive and variable in size, Martano M.E., et al, 2011 reported that large sized may be due to rapid growth. On the other hand, there could also be delayed in appearance due to its interscapular or deep location (Bowlt 2015). The mass can also be mobile or intensely adherent to the underlying tissue which is usually not painful, but solid and may be cystic (Bowlt 2015). These tumors that develop commonly in sites of injection can reach several centimetres in diameter within a few weeks (Martano, Morello et al. 2011). Since not all cats develop this tumor after vaccination, suggestions are due to genetic predisposition, with higher case of FISS occurrence in siblings of affected cats. Further, some cats may develop more than one FiSS (Hartmann, Day et al. 2015). III. Staging / Diagnosis To properly react with the tumor, proper staging shall be performed. Once a histological diagnosis has been confirmed (Bowlt 2015), it requires complete blood count, a serum biochemical panel, urinalysis, 3-view thoracic radiography, lymph node examination by palpation, and ultrasonography of the abdominal cavity and cytology when applicable (Séguin 2002, Zabielska-Koczywąs, Wojtalewicz et al. 2017). Abdominal ultrasound may be required, depending on the location of the tumor. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lesion and the thorax is required to see the actual size and evaluate the extent of the tumor (Cronin, Page et al. 1998, McEntee and Page 2001, Martano, Morello et al. 2011, Rousset, Holmes et al. 2013, Travetti, di Giancamillo et al. 2013, Saba 2017, Zabielska-Koczywąs, Wojtalewicz et al. 2017). Thoracic radiography is then performed to exclude metastatic deseases, which has 10- 24% chances (Saba 2017, Zabielska-Koczywąs, Wojtalewicz et al. 2017). Whereas, there is as high as 45% for the recurrence rate even after performing surgical excision (Cronin, Page et al. 1998) IV. Treatment Considering the possibility of misdiagnosing the tumor as a granuloma from small tissue samples, and the fact that these can be heterogeneous, incisional biopsy can be done at sites that can be easily excised (Martano, Morello et al. 2011). The indications for a biopsy are based in 3-2-1 rule (Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force, 2005; Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force guidelines, 1999; (Morrison and Starr 2001). This incisional biopsy is strongly recommended for masses that has persisted for >3 months, is >2 cm, and/or is growing over the course of 1 month post injection in the site (Saba 2017). Radical surgery or wide excision may be recommended. Surgery will be