Predicting Outcomes in Hyperthyroid Cats Treated with Radioiodine
Source: J Vet Intern Med. 2022 Jan-Feb; 36(1): 49–58. doi: 10.1111/jvim.16319. Hyperthyroidism is a common disease in cats, and mostly afflicts cats middle-aged and older. It is caused by the overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid glands. Radioiodine (131 I) is the treatment of choice to restore euthyroidism with a single dose of radiation without producing hypothyroidism for cats receiving the treatment. However, 30% to 50% of 131I‐treated cats develop iatrogenic hypothyroidism after treatment. Besides, 5% to 10% of hyperthyroid cats fail 131I treatment and remain persistently hyperthyroid. To identify pretreatment factors that may help predict persistent hyperthyroidism and iatrogenic hypothyroidism after treatment of cats using a novel 131I dosing algorithm. Peterson, ME and Rishniw, M conducted a study involving one thousand and four hundred hyperthyroid cats treated with 131I. Cats underwent an evaluation that included a complete physical examination, routine laboratory testing (CBC, serum biochemical profile, complete urinalysis), determination of serum thyroid hormone concentrations (total thyroxine [T4], triiodothyronine [T3], and thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH]), and qualitative and quantitative thyroid scintigraphy. Pretreatment predictors (clinical, laboratory, scintigraphic, 131I dose, 131I uptake measurements) of treatment failure or iatrogenic hypothyroidism were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. In conclusion, Age, sex, serum TSH concentration, bilateral and homogeneous 99mTc‐pertechnetate uptake on scintigraphy, severity score, and percent 131I uptake are all factors that might help predict outcome of 131I treatment in hyperthyroid cats. For detail information please check the original paper: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8783366/
Pug Health and Common Diseases: From Breed Traits to PCR Diagnostic
Table of Contents 1. Introduction The Pug is among the oldest recognized companion dog breeds, with origins tracing back more than two millennia to imperial China. Unlike many modern breeds shaped by functional roles such as hunting, herding, or guarding, the Pug was selectively developed almost exclusively for companionship and symbolic value within ruling households. This unique breeding trajectory has resulted in a dog whose physical form has long been governed by human aesthetic preference rather than biological performance. Historical records describe Pugs as highly prized animals within Chinese imperial courts, where they were bred for specific facial features associated with nobility and spiritual symbolism. As the breed spread to Europe through early global trade networks, these aesthetic traits were further refined and standardized. Over time, selection increasingly favored shortened muzzles, prominent eyes, and compact body conformation, characteristics now formally classified as brachycephalic. While these traits define the modern Pug’s appearance, they also underpin a distinct and well-documented disease profile. From a veterinary and molecular perspective, extreme craniofacial shortening alters airway anatomy, ocular protection, thermoregulation, and musculoskeletal biomechanics. As a result, Pugs exhibit a disproportionately high prevalence of conditions such as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome, corneal injury, dermatological disease associated with skin folds, and inherited neurological disorders. Understanding breed-related disease in the Pug therefore requires more than a catalog of clinical symptoms. It demands an appreciation of how historical selection pressures, genetic architecture, and modern breeding practices converge to influence health outcomes. This article examines the major inherited and conformation-associated diseases affecting Pugs, integrating veterinary medicine, genetics, and evidence-based clinical management to inform responsible ownership and breeding strategies. 2. Physical Characteristics and Breed Conformation Building on their history as imperial companions, the modern Pug is physically characterized by compact strength and a distinctive craniofacial structure. This combination is traditionally summarized by the Latin motto “multum in parvo”, meaning “a lot in a little,” reflecting a breed that is small in size yet substantial in build and presence. General Build and Proportions Despite their classification as a toy breed, Pugs are notable for their solid and muscular frame. Weight and Height: Adult Pugs typically weigh between 14 and 18 pounds and measure approximately 10 to 14 inches at the shoulder. Body Shape: The breed is described as square and cobby, indicating a short-backed, thickset body with good substance. Proportional Balance: Breed standards emphasize overall symmetry. Excessively long limbs, a narrow frame, or disproportionate body length are considered deviations from ideal conformation. Each anatomical component should contribute to a compact, well-integrated whole. Distinguishing Facial Features The Pug’s facial anatomy is its most recognizable feature and plays a central role in both breed identity and health considerations. Head: The skull is large, round, and massive, without doming or indentation. A flat skull profile is preferred over an apple-shaped contour. Eyes: Pugs possess very large, dark, and prominent globular eyes, producing an alert and expressive appearance. The orbits are relatively shallow, contributing to ocular prominence. Muzzle: The muzzle is short, blunt, and square, a conformation classified as brachycephalic, characterized by significant shortening of the facial bones. Dentition: A slightly undershot bite is typical, with the lower incisors extending marginally beyond the upper incisors. Facial Wrinkles: Deep and well-defined skin folds are a hallmark of the breed. Historically, forehead wrinkles resembling the Chinese character for “prince” (王) were selectively valued. Coat and Coloration The Pug’s coat reflects its development as a companion animal rather than a working breed. Texture: The coat is short, fine, smooth, and glossy, lying close to the body. Coarse or woolly textures are not characteristic. Accepted Colors: Recognized coat colors include fawn and black, with fawn ranging from pale silver to deep apricot tones. Markings: In fawn individuals, darker pigmentation forms a distinct black mask, black ears, and a dorsal trace, a narrow black line extending along the spine toward the tail. Conformation-Associated Health Considerations The defining physical traits of the Pug are closely associated with a breed-specific health profile. Brachycephalic Airway Changes: The shortened muzzle and compact nasal passages are associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which can affect breathing efficiency and heat tolerance. Ocular Exposure: Prominent eyes and shallow orbits increase susceptibility to corneal injury, ulceration, and globe displacement following trauma. Skin Fold Conditions: Deep facial wrinkles may retain moisture and debris, creating a microenvironment conducive to intertrigo and secondary microbial overgrowth. Body Condition Sensitivity: The breed’s compact frame predisposes it to excess weight gain, which may exacerbate respiratory, orthopedic, and metabolic stress when not appropriately managed. 3. Temperament and Lifestyle Characteristics Pugs are defined by their even-tempered, affectionate, and sociable nature, often described as possessing a “multum in parvo” (a lot in a little) personality. They balance a playful, mischievous sense of humor with a dignified, stable temperament, making them one of the most cherished companion breeds. The “Shadow” Companion A hallmark of the Pug’s lifestyle is its absolute devotion to its human family: Constant Presence: Pugs are famously called “shadows” because they tend to follow their owners from room to room, craving physical closeness and attention. Emotional Intuition: They are highly sensitive to their owners’ moods and often respond with an eager-to-please attitude. Need for Interaction: Pugs thrive on human companionship and can become distressed if left alone for extended periods. Social Compatibility Pugs are known for their friendliness and ability to integrate seamlessly into diverse households: Children: They have a natural affinity for children. Unlike some delicate toy breeds, Pugs are sturdy enough to withstand supervised play and heavy-handed affection. Other Pets: Properly socialized Pugs generally get along well with other dogs and can coexist peacefully with cats and other small animals. Strangers: They are typically friendly toward newcomers and rarely show aggression, often greeting visitors with a wagging tail. The “Clown” Persona Pugs are often called the “clowns” of the canine world due to their expressive faces and entertaining antics: Mischief and Dignity: They combine playful antics with poise, amusing their owners while maintaining a sense of self. Willful Nature: Despite a strong